Primary hyperparathyroidism is a common endocrine disorder, affecting approximately 1 in 400 women and 1 in 1200 men and accounting for more than 90% of chronic hypercalcemia. Definitive treatment consists of parathyroidectomy, a straightforward outpatient procedure with low complication rates. Like essential hypertension, primary hyperparathyroidism is generally asymptomatic and does not cause immediate morbidity. Rather, it exerts gradual effects on target organs, which include the kidney and skeleton.