China’s National Press and Publication Administration introduced gaming regulations for under 18s in 2019, including a curfew and daily playing time limits of 90 minutes on weekdays and three hours at weekends and on public holidays. When the authorities tightened the rules in 2021, some Western media characterised the measures as draconian and a textbook example of state overreach.

Since then, the regulation of minors’ online activity has attracted wider attention as more governments grapple with the effects of social media.

Europe and several Asian governments are considering similar measures. Singapore’s Ministry of Education has focused on schools. Starting in January, secondary school students will no longer be allowed to use smartphones or smartwatches during school hours, consistent with policies already in place in primary schools. The aim is to reset the school day as a time for face-to-face interaction and focused learning.

Advocates worldwide warn that unrestricted smartphone use during the school day hampers both learning and well-being. Teachers report that personal devices distract students from lessons, with notifications and apps encouraging constant task switching rather than engagement.

Research studies link heavy social media use among adolescents to elevated risks of cyberbullying, social comparison and disrupted sleep patterns. These factors are associated with higher rates of anxiety, depression and, in some cases, suicidal thoughts and self-harm.

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